What is the function of the pigeons cere

The cere of a pigeon (and other birds like parrots, raptors, and doves) is a **fleshy, waxy structure** located at the base of the upper beak. It serves several important functions:

1. **Nostril Protection & Air Filtration**

- The cere covers the **nares (nostrils)** and helps protect them from dust, debris, and infections.

- In some birds, it may also aid in filtering air before it enters the respiratory system.

2. **Indicator of Health & Hormonal State**

- A smooth, clean cere usually indicates good health, while a crusty or discolored cere can signal illness or mites.

- In pigeons, the cere's color and texture can change with age and breeding condition.

3. **Sex & Age Identification**

- In some species (like budgies), the cere's color differs between males and females.

- In pigeons, males often have a **larger, more pronounced cere** than females.

4. **Sensory Function**

- The cere contains nerve endings and may play a role in detecting **touch or temperature changes**.

5. **Waterproofing (In Some Birds)**

- In birds like parrots, the cere secretes oils that help keep feathers and beak conditioned.